1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to observe, collect, record, analyze, predict, and interpret data.
1.1.A Use observation and questioning skills in science inquiry (e.g., What happens when something is pushed or pulled?).
1.1.B Ask and answer questions about surroundings and share findings with classmates.
1.1.C Record observations and data with pictures, numbers, and/or symbols.
1.2 Use scientific thinking and knowledge and communicate findings.
1.2.A Communicate observations, and answer questions about surroundings.
1.3 Use mathematical skills and vocabulary to analyze data, understand patterns and relationships, and communicate findings.
1.3.A Observe and describe the relative sizes and characteristics of objects (e.g., bigger, brighter, louder, smellier).
1.3.B Use numbers and mathematical language (e.g., "addition" instead of "add to," "subtraction" instead of "take away") to describe phenomena.
1.3.C Understand information recorded on simple charts and diagrams.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Recognize that matter has different forms and properties.
2.1.A Observe that objects are made of different types of materials (e.g., metal, plastic, cloth, wood).
2.1.B Observe that different materials have different properties (e.g., color, odor, weight, texture).
2.1.C Observe that the three states of matter (i.e., solids, liquids, and gases) have different properties (e.g., water can be liquid, ice, or steam).
2.1.D Describe simple properties of matter (e.g. hardness, texture, color, odor)
2.2 Know that energy is needed to get things done and that energy has different forms.
2.2.A Observe how energy does things (e.g., batteries, the sun, wind, electricity).
2.3 Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
2.3.A This benchmark met in preparatory.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things, and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Know that living things have diverse forms, structures, functions, and habitats.
3.1.A Identify major structures of common living organisms (e.g., stems, leaves, and roots of plants; arms, wings, and legs of animals).
3.1.B Observe that differences exist among individual living organisms (e.g., plants, animals) of the same kind.
3.1.C Know that living organisms (e.g., plants and animals) have needs for water, air, food, and sunlight.
3.1.D Classify animals according to their observable characteristics (e.g., body coverings, structure).
3.1.E Observe plants and name parts.
3.2 Know that living things have similarities and differences and that living things change over time.
3.2.A Observe and describe similarities and differences in the appearance and behavior of living organisms (e.g., plants, animals).
3.2.B Observe that living organisms (e.g., plants, animals) closely resemble their parents.
3.2.C Identify differences between living and non-living things.
3.3 Know the parts of the human body and their functions.
3.3.A Use the senses (e.g., sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) to observe surroundings, and describe the observations.
3.3.B Identify the parts of the human body (e.g., legs, arms, head, hands) and the functions of these parts.
3.3.C Describe simple body functions (e.g., breathing, eating).
3.3.D Describe basic food requirements for humans.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know the structure of the solar system and the objects in the universe.
4.1.A Observe that there are many objects in the night sky and that some are brighter than others.
4.1.B Describe the location and movements of objects in the sky (e.g., stars, sun, moon).
4.1.C Observe the changes that occur in the sky as day changes into night and night into day.
4.1.D Describe the basic patterns of objects as they move through the sky: * sun appears in the day * moon appears at night but can sometimes be seen during the day * sun and moon appear to move across the sky * moon appears to change shape over the course of a month.
4.1.E Recognize that the sun, moon, and stars all appear to move slowly across the sky.
4.1.F Describe the objects in the solar system (e.g., sun, Earth and other planets, moon)
4.1.G Know that the sun is a star.
4.2 Know the structure and formation of Earth and its atmosphere and the processes that shape them. (This standard will be met in Kindergarten).
4.2.A Observe that changes in weather occur from day to day and season to season.
4.2.B Observe that the sun warms the land and water, and they in turn warm the air.
4.2.C Know that there are different climates (e.g., desert, Arctic, rain forest).

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by, individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe how science influences decisions made by individuals and societies.
5.1.A Recognize that germs exist and may cause disease.
5.1.B Know that germs can be transmitted by touching, breathing, and coughing, and that washing hands helps prevent the spread of germs.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to observe, collect, record, analyze, predict, and interpret data.
1.1.A Make observations, develop simple questions, and make comparisons of familiar situations (e.g., What does the seed look like when it starts to grow?).
1.1.B Describe relationships between objects (e.g., above, next to, below) and predict the results of changing the relationships (e.g., When that block moves, what will happen to the one next to it?).
1.1.C Know how to describe and compare things in terms of quantity, shape, texture, size, weight, color, and motion.
1.2 Use scientific thinking and knowledge, and communicate findings.
1.2.A Know that simple investigations do not always turn out as planned.
1.3 Use mathematical skills and vocabulary to analyze data, understand patterns and relationships, and communicate findings.
1.3.A Observe and describe the relative sizes and characteristics of objects (e.g., bigger, brighter, louder, smellier).
1.3.B Use numbers and mathematical language (e.g., "addition" instead of "add to," "subtraction" instead of "take away") to describe phenomena.
1.3.C Understand information recorded on simple charts and diagrams.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Recognize that matter has different forms and properties.
2.1.A Observe that objects are made of different types of materials (e.g., metal, plastic, cloth, wood).
2.1.B Observe that different materials have different properties (e.g., color, odor, weight, texture).
2.1.C Observe that the three states of matter (i.e., solids, liquids, and gases) have different properties (e.g., water can be liquid, ice, or steam).
2.1.D Describe simple properties of matter (e.g. hardness, texture, color, odor)
2.2 Know that energy is needed to get things done and that energy has different forms.
2.2.A Observe and describe how energy produces changes (e.g., heat melts ice, gas makes car go uphill, electricity makes TV work).
2.3 Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
2.3.A Observe that things move in many different ways (e.g., straight line, vibration, circular).
2.3.B Know that the position and motion of an object (direction or speed) are changed by pushing or pulling it.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things, and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Know that living things have diverse forms, structures, functions, and habitats.
3.1.A Know that living organisms (e.g., plants, animals) inhabit various environments and have various external features to help them satisfy their needs (e.g., leaves, legs, claws).
3.1.B Describe the differences and similarities among living organisms (e.g., plants, animals).
3.1.C Observe that living organisms (e.g., plants, animals) have predictable but varied life cycles.
3.2 Know that living things have similarities and differences and that living things change over time.
3.2.A Recognize the differences between mature and immature plants and animals (e.g., trees/seedlings, dogs/puppies, cats/kittens).
3.2.B Observe that many characteristics of the offspring of living organisms (e.g., plants or animals) are inherited from their parents.
3.3 Know the parts of the human body and their functions.

Standards met in Kindergarten and Grade 1.
4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know the structure of the solar system and the objects in the universe.
4.2 Know the structure and formation of Earth and its atmosphere and the process that shapes them.
4.2.A Identify characteristics of different climates (e.g. vegetation, temperature, seasonal changes, animals)
4.2.B Recognize the characteristics of the seasons and name the months in each North American season.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe how science influences decisions made by individuals and societies.
5.1.A Describe how science has assisted in creating tools (e.g., plows, knives, telephones, cell phones, computers) to make life easier and more efficient.
5.1.B Describe how tools and machines can be helpful, harmful, or both (e.g., bicycles, cars, scissors, stoves).
5.1.C Describe how science helps provide products we use every day (e.g., gasoline for cars, electricity for lights, refrigerators, TVs).

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to observe, collect, record, analyze, predict, and interpret data.
1.1.A Conduct simple investigations (e.g., measure the sizes of plants of the same kind that are grown in sunlight and in shade).
1.1.B Use tools to provide information not directly available through only the senses (e.g., magnifiers, rulers, thermometers).
1.1.C Make predictions based on observed patterns as opposed to random guessing.
1.1.D Follow simple instructions for a scientific investigation.
1.1.E Recognize the difference between data and opinion.
1.2 Use scientific thinking and knowledge, and communicate findings.
1.2.A Know that simple investigations do not always turn out as planned.
1.3 Use mathematical skills and vocabulary to analyze data, understand patterns and relationships, and communicate findings. .
1.3.A Record observations on simple charts or diagrams.
1.3.B Measure length, weight, and temperature with appropriate tools and express those measurements in accurate mathematical language.
1.3.C Pose a question of interest as a basis for experimenting.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Recognize that matter has different forms and properties.
2.1.A Describe properties of matter (e.g., weight, flexibility, transparency)
2.1.B Observe that properties of substances can change when they are mixed, cooled, or heated (e.g., salt dissolves in water, ice melts).
2.1.C Describe the changes that occur when substances are heated or cooled and change from one state of matter to another (i.e., solid, liquid, and gas).
2.1.D Identify water in the three states of matter.
2.2 Know that energy is needed to get things done and that energy has different forms.
2.2.A Describe how heat can be produced (e.g., burning, rubbing, mixing some substances).
2.2.B Know that heat moves more rapidly in thermal conductors (e.g., metal pan) than in insulators (e.g., plastic handle).
2.3.C Recognize that moving objects carry energy (kinetic energy).
2.3 Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
2.3.A Describe ways to make things move, what causes them to stop, and what causes a change of speed, or change of direction.
2.3.B Observe that gravity makes things fall to the ground unless something holds them up.
2.3.C Describe how the strength of a push or pull affects the change in an object's motion (e.g., how a big or small push affects how high a swing rises).
2.3.D Recognize that magnets can produce motion by attracting some materials (e.g., steel) and have no effect on others (e.g., plastics).

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things, and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Know that living things have diverse forms, structures, functions, and habitats.
3.1.A Know that bacteria and viruses are germs.
3.1.B Explain that different living organisms have distinctive structures and body systems that serve specific functions (e.g., walking, flying, swimming).
3.1.C Classify common animals according to characteristics (diurnal/nocturnal, herbivore/carnivore, land/water mammal/reptile/amphibian/fish/insect).
3.1.D Classify plants according to their characteristics (e.g., tree leaves, flowers, seeds).
3.1.E List the basic needs of living organisms.
3.1.F Describe the components of and relationships among organisms in a food chain (e.g., plants are the primary source of energy for living systems).
3.2 Know that living things have similarities and differences and that living things change over time.
3.2.A Explain that stages of the life cycle are different for different animals (e.g., mouse, cat, horse, butterfly, frog).
3.2.B Observe how the environment influences some characteristics of living things (e.g., amount of sunlight required for plant growth).
3.3 Know the parts of the human body and their functions.
3.3.A Describe the basic human needs of water, food, shelter and temperature in the environment.
3.3.B Describe how some parts of human bodies differ from similar parts of other animals (e.g., hands and feet/paws; ears).
3.3.C Explain why a human baby is unable to care for itself, how its survival depends on the care it receives.
3.3.D Explain how some animal babies can live on their own from birth.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know the structure of the solar system and the objects in the universe.
4.1 A Observe that the phase of the moon appears a little different every day but looks the same again after about four weeks.
4.1.B Observe that some objects in the night sky are brighter than others.
4.1.C Name the 9 planets in order from the Sun.
4.1.D Understand that a constellation is a grouping of stars.
4.2 Know the structure and formation of Earth and its atmosphere and the process that shape them.
4.2.A Know that rocks have different shapes and sizes (e.g., boulders, pebbles, sand) and that smaller rocks result from the breaking and weathering of larger rocks.
4.2.B Know that fossils are evidence of earlier life and provide data about plants and animals that lived long ago.
4.2.C Describe various types of weather.
4.2.D Know that simple tools can be used to measure weather conditions (e.g., thermometer, wind sock, hand held anemometer, rain gauge) and that measurements can be recorded from day to day and across seasons.
4.2.E Draw and explain the water cycle.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe how science influences decisions made by individuals and societies.
5.1.A Describe ways to prevent the spread of germs (e.g., soap, bleach, cooking).
5.1.B Know that science has ways to help living things avoid sickness or recover from sickness (e.g., vaccinations, medicine) and adult supervision is needed to administer them.
5.1.C Know that some materials are better than others for making particular things (e.g., paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, wood).

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to observe, collect, record, analyze, predict, and interpret data.
1.1.A Conduct simple investigations (e.g., measure the sizes of plants of the same kind that are grown in sunlight and in shade).
1.1.B Use tools to provide information not directly available through only the senses (e.g., magnifiers, rulers, and thermometers).
1.1.C Make predictions based on observed patterns as opposed to random guessing.
1.1.D Follow simple instructions for a scientific investigation.
1.1.E Recognize the difference between data and opinion.
1.2 Use scientific thinking and knowledge and communicate findings.
1.2.A Understand that in performing science activities it is often helpful to work with a team and share findings.
1.2.B Make accurate observations and communicate findings about investigations.
1.2.C Know that scientists use different kinds of investigations (e.g., naturalistic observation of things or events, data collection, controlled experiments) depending on the questions they are trying to answer.
1.3 Use mathematical skills and vocabulary to analyze data, understand patterns and relationships, and communicate findings.
1.3.A Record observations on simple charts or diagrams.
1.3.B Measure length, weight, and temperature with appropriate tools and express those measurements in accurate mathematical language.
1.3.C Pose a question of interest as a basis for experimenting.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Recognize that matter has different forms and properties.
2.1.A Standard met in grades 1 and/or 3.
2.2 Know that energy is needed to get things done and that energy has different forms.
2.2.A Observe that sound is made by vibrating objects and describe it by its pitch and loudness.
2.2.B Know that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object and then it is reflected, refracted, or absorbed.
2.2.C Understand how rainbows are formed.
2.2.D Explain the importance of conserving energy and various ways to do it.
2.3 Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
2.3.A Explain how machines make work easier.
2.3.B Identify simple machines (e.g. pulleys, levers, slides, fulcrums, screws, wedges, wheels, and axles.)
2.3.C Understand that all machines are made up of one or more simple machines.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Know that living things have diverse forms, structures, functions, and habitats.
3.1.A Observe that diversity exists among individuals within a population.
3.1.B Know that an adaptation in physical structure or behavior can improve an organism's chance for survival (e.g., horned toads, chameleons, cacti, mushrooms).
3.1.C Describe how roots are associated with the intake of water and soil nutrients and green leaves are associated with making food from sunlight (photosynthesis).
3.1.D Describe reproduction, seed dispersal, growth, and germination of plants.
3.1.E Identify reasons why some organisms are endangered, and why some have become extinct.
3.1.F Define roles of consumer, producer, and decomposer in an ecosystem.
3.1.G Identify plants and animals of the rain forest, and explain why these plants and animals are suited to live in this environment.
3.2 Know that living things have similarities and differences, and that living things change over time.
3.2.A Identify how living things cause changes to the environments in which they live, and that some of these changes are detrimental to the organism and some are beneficial.
3.2.B Know that living things change over time.
3.3 Know the parts of the human body and their functions.
3.3.A Identify a variety of human organs (e.g., lungs, heart, stomach, brain).
3.3.B Know that various nutrients are required for specific parts and functions of the body (e.g., milk for bones and teeth, protein for muscles, sugar for energy).
3.3.C Explore the parts of the five senses and how sense messages get to the brain.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know the structure of the solar system and the objects in the universe.
4.1.A Standard met in Grade 1 and Grade 3.
4.2 Know the structure and formation of Earth and its atmosphere and the process that shape them.
4.2.A Understand that rocks are made of materials with distinct properties.
4.2.B Know that soil is made up of weathered rock and organic materials, and that soils differ in their capacity to support the growth of plants.
4.2.C Know that Earth's features are constantly changed by a combination of slow and rapid processes that include the action of volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain building, biological changes, erosion, and weathering.
4.2.D Know that the properties of rocks and minerals reflect the processes that shaped them (i.e., igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks).
4.2.E Identify and describe the layers of the earth (e.g. crust, mantle, outer core and inner core)

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe how science influences decisions made by individuals and societies.
5.1.A Understand that everybody can perform in science activities, invent things, and formulate ideas.
5.1.B Know that science has discovered many things about objects, events, and nature, and that there are many more questions to be answered.
5.1.C Know that science has identified substances called pollutants that get into the environment and can be harmful to living things.
5.1.D Know that both men and women of all races and social backgrounds choose science as a career.
5.1.E Know that using poisons can reduce the damage to crops caused by rodents, weeds, and insects, but their use may harm other plants, animals or the environment.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO.

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to observe, collect, record, analyze, predict, and interpret data.
1.1.A Make new observations when discrepancies exist between two descriptions of the same object or phenomenon to improve accuracy.
1.1.B. Use numerical data in describing and comparing objects, events, and measurements.
1.1.C Collect data in an investigation and analyze those data.
1.1.D Use instruments to perform investigations (e.g., timers, balances) and communicate findings.
1.2 Use scientific thinking and knowledge, and communicate findings.
1.2.A Use a variety of methods to display data and present findings.
1.2.B Understand that predictions are based on observations, measurements, and cause-and-effect relationships.
1.2.C Know that good scientific explanations are based on evidence.
1.3 Use mathematical skills and vocabulary to analyze data, understand patterns and relationships, and communicate findings.
1.3.A Use numerical data in describing and comparing objects, events, and measurements.
1.3.B Present observations and measurements with accuracy.
1.3.C Use various methods to display data and present findings and communicate results in accurate mathematical language.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Recognize that matter has different forms and properties.
2.1.A Identify and compare properties of pure substances and mixtures (e.g., sugar, fruit juice).
2.1.B Separate mixtures based on properties (e.g., by size or by substance; rocks and sand, iron filings and sand, salt and sand).
2.1.C Know that changes to matter may be chemical or physical and when two or more substances are combined, a new substance may be formed with properties that are different from those of the original substances (e.g., white glue and borax, cornstarch and water, vinegar and baking soda).
2.1.D Know that heat is often produced as a byproduct when one form of energy is converted to another form.
2.1.E Know that heat can move from one object to another by conduction and that some materials conduct heat better than others.
2.2 Know that energy is needed to get things done and that energy has different forms.
2.2.A Understand that light is a form of energy.
2.2.B Describe the usefulness of some forms of energy (e.g., electricity, sunlight, wind, sound) and how energy (e.g., heat, light,) can affect common objects (e.g., sunlight warms dark objects, heat melts candles).
2.2.C Measure energy and energy changes (e.g., temperature changes).
2.2.D Construct charts or diagrams that relate variables associated with energy changes (e.g., melting of ice over time).
2.2.E Compare and describe how objects fall differently according to weightand size.
2.3 Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
2.3.A Observe that magnets attract and repel each other, and observe their effects on other kinds of materials.
2.3.B Describe how magnets have poles (N and S) and that like poles repel each other while unlike poles attract.
2.3.C Observe that some forces produce motion without objects touching (e.g., magnetic force on nails).
2.3.D Know that when a force is applied to an object, the object either speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Know that living things have diverse forms, structures, functions, and habitats.
3.1.A Identify animals found in North America and explain why these animals are suited to live in their environments.
3.1.B Know that humans and other living things have senses to help them detect stimuli, and that sensations (e.g., hunger) and stimuli (e.g., changes in the environment) influence the behavior of organisms.
3.1.C Describe how all living things are made up of smaller units that are called cells.
3.2 Know that living things have similarities and differences and that living things change over time.
3.2.A Standard met in Grades 1 and 2.
3.3 Know the parts of the human body and their functions.
3.3.A Identify the functions of human systems (e.g., respiratory, circulatory, digestive).
3.3.B Know that bacteria and viruses are germs that affect the human body.
3.3.C Describe the nutrients needed by the human body.
3.3.D Know that the human body has many parts that interact to function as systems (e.g., skeletal, muscular) and describe the parts and their specific functions in selected systems (e.g., the nose, lungs, and diaphragm in the respiratory system).
3.3.E Recognize that the human body is organized from cells, to tissues, to organs, to systems, to the organism.
3.3.F Describe the process of breathing and its role in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3.3.G Describe the function of the skin in regulating body temperature, as a waterproof covering to prevent drying out, and as protection from harmful substances and organisms.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know the structure of the solar system and the objects in the universe.
4.1.A Describe the features of objects in the solar system(e.g., size, temperature).
4.1.B Describe the relationships among the objects in the solar system (e.g., relative distances, orbital motions).
4.1.C Observe that the pattern of stars stays the same as they appear to move across the sky nightly.
4.1.D Observe and identify basic constellations.
4.1.E Know that telescopes enhance the appearance of some distant objects in the sky (e.g., the moon, planets).
4.2 Know the structure and formation of Earth and its atmosphere and the process that shape them.
4.2.A Know that air takes up space, is colorless, tasteless, and odorless.
4.2.B Identify how water exists in the air in different forms (e.g., in clouds and fog as tiny droplets; in rain, snow, and hail) and changes from one form to another through various processes (e.g., freezing/condensation, precipitation, evaporation).

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe how science influences decisions made by individuals and societies.
5.1.A Know that science produces information for the manufacture and recycling of materials (e.g., materials that can be recycled -aluminum, paper, plastic- and others that cannot - gasoline).
5.1.B Know that naturally occurring materials (e.g. wood, clay, cotton, animal skins) may be processed or combined with other materials to change their properties.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to observe, collect, record, analyze, predict, and interpret data.
1.1.A Differentiate observation from interpretation and understand that a scientific explanation comes in part from what is observed and in part from how the observation is interpreted.
1.1.B Conduct multiple trials to test a prediction, draw logical conclusions, and construct and interpret graphs from measurements.
1.1.C Collect data in an investigation using multiple techniques, including control groups, and analyze those data to determine what other investigations could be conducted to validate findings.
1.1.D Know that the same scientific laws govern investigations in different times and places (e.g., gravity, growing plants).
1.2 Use scientific thinking and knowledge and communicate findings.
1.2.A Communicate ideas and present findings about scientific investigations that are open to critique from others.
1.2.B Describe how scientific investigations may differ from one another (e.g., observations of nature, measurements of things changing over time).
1.2.C Understand how data are used to explain how a simple system functions (e.g., a thermometer to measure heat loss as water cools).
1.2.D Keep records of investigations and observations and not alter the records.
1.3 Use mathematical skills and vocabulary to analyze data, understand patterns and relationships, and communicate findings.
1.3.A Conduct multiple trials using simple mathematical techniques to make and test predictions.
1.3.B Use mathematical equations to formulate and justify predictions based on cause-and-effect relationships.
1.3.C Identify simple mathematical relationships in a scientific investigation (e.g., the relationship of the density of materials that will or will not float in water to the density of water).

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Recognize that matter has different forms and properties.
2.1.A Know that materials are made up of small particles (atoms and molecules) that are too small to see with the naked eye.
2.1.B Know that the mass of an object remains constant whether it is together, in parts, or in a different state.
2.2 Know that energy is needed to get things done, and that energy has different forms.
2.2.A Identify the characteristics of several different forms of energy and describe how energy can be converted from one form to another (e.g., light to heat, motion to heat, electricity to heat, light, or motion).
2.2.B Recognize that energy can be stored in many ways (e.g., potential energy in gravity or springs, chemical energy in batteries).
2.2.C Describe how some waves move through materials (e.g., water, sound) and how others can move through a vacuum (e.g., x-ray, television, radio).
2.2.D Demonstrate how electricity flows through a simple circuit (e.g., by constructing one).
2.2.E Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
2.3 Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
2.3.A Know that energy can be carried from one place to another by waves (e.g., water waves, sound waves), by electric currents, and by moving objects.
2.3.B Describe the motion of an object by measuring its change of position over a period of time.
2.3.C Describe that gravity exerts more force on objects with greater mass (e.g., it takes more force to hold up a heavy object than a lighter one).
2.3.D Describe how some forces act on contact and other forces act at a distance (e.g., a person pushing a rock versus gravity acting on a rock).

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Know that living things have diverse forms, structures, functions, and habitats.
Standard met in grades 2 and 3.
3.2 Know that living things have similarities and differences and that living things change over time.
Standard met in Grades 1 and 2.
3.3 Know the parts of the human body and their functions.

Standard met in Grade 3.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know the structure of the solar system and the objects in the universe.
4.1.A Understand that the number of stars visible through a telescope is much greater than the number visible to the naked eye.
4.1.B Know that the pattern of stars (e.g., constellations) stays the same although they appear to move across the sky nightly due to Earth's rotation.
4.1.C Distinguish between different planets.
4.1.D Describe objects in the solar system (i.e. asteroids, meteorites).
4.2 Know the structure and formation of Earth and its atmosphere and the process that shapes them.
4.2.A Know that local weather information describes patterns of change over a period of time (e.g., temperature, precipitation symbols, cloud conditions, wind speed/direction).
4.2.B Construct and use weather instruments to measure weather.
4.2.C Analyze the effects weather has on the earth.
4.2.D Identify natural resources.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe how science influences decisions made by individuals and societies.
5.1.A Know that, through science and technology, a wide variety of materials not appearing in nature have become available (e.g. steel, plastic, nylon, fiber optics).

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use scientific methods to develop questions, design and conduct experiments, use appropriate techniques, analyze and evaluate results, make predictions, and communicate findings.
1.1.A Plan and conduct investigations, including formulating testable questions, making systematic observations, developing logical conclusions, and communicating findings.
1.1.B Use appropriate technologies (e.g., calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes) to perform scientific tests and to collect and display data.
1.1.C Use graphic representations (e.g., charts, graphs, tables, labeled diagrams) to present data and produce explanations for investigations.
1.1.D Describe how credible scientific investigations use reproducible elements including single variables, controls, and appropriate sample sizes to produce valid scientific results.
1.1.E Communicate the steps and results of a scientific investigation.
1.2 Understand the processes of scientific investigation and how scientific inquiry results in scientific knowledge.
1.2.A Understand that different kinds of investigations are used to answer different kinds of questions (e.g., observations, data collection, controlled experiments).
1.2.B Understand that conclusions are subject to peer and public review.
1.3 Use mathematical ideas, tools, and techniques to understand scientific knowledge.
1.3.A Use appropriate units to make precise and varied measurements.
1.3.B Use mathematical skills to analyze data.
1.3.C Make predictions based on analysis of data, observations, and explanations.
1.3.D Understand the attributes to be measured in a scientific investigation and describe the units, systems, and processes.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure and properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Know the forms and properties of matter, and how matter interacts.
2.1.A Describe properties (e.g., relative volume, ability to flow of the three states of matter).
2.1.B Describe how matter changes from one phase to another (e.g., condensation and evaporation).
2.1.C Know that matter is made up of particles (atoms) that can combine to form molecules and that these particles are too small to see with the naked eye.
2.1.D Know the Periodic Table is a chart of the pure elements that make up all matter.
2.1.E Describe the relative location and motion of the particles (atoms and molecules) in each state of matter.
2.1.F Explain the relationship between temperature and the motion of particles in each state of matter.
2.2 Explain the physical processes in the transfer, change, and conservation of energy.
2.2.A Know that heat is transferred from hotter to cooler materials or regions until both reach the same temperature.
2.2.B Know that heat is often produced as a by-product when one form of energy is converted to another (e.g., when machines or organisms convert stored energy into motion).
2.2.C Know that there are different forms of energy.
2.2.D Describe how energy can be stored and converted to a different form of energy (e.g., springs, gravity) and know that machines and living things convert stored energy to motion and heat.
2.3 Describe and explain forces that produce motion in objects.
2.3.A Understand how the rate of change of position is the speed (velocity) of an object in motion.
2.3.B Recognize that acceleration is the change in velocity with time.
2.3.C Identify forces in nature (e.g., gravity, magnetism, electricity, friction).
2.3.D Understand that when a force (e.g., gravity, friction) acts on an object, the object speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction.
2.3.E Identify simple machines and describe how they give an advantage to users (e.g., levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, inclined planes, screws, wedges).

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things, and the interdependence of living things and their environment.
3.1 Explain the diverse structures and functions of living things and the complex relationships between living things and their environments.
3.1.A Identify the components of habitats and ecosystems (e.g., producers, consumers, decomposers, predators).
3.2.B Understand how food webs depict relationships between different organisms.
3.3.C Know that changes in the environment can have different effects on different organisms (e.g. some organisms move, some survive, some reproduce, some die).
3.4.D Describe how human activity impacts the environment.
3.2 Understand how traits are passed from one generation to the next and how species evolve.
3.2.A Know that plants and animals have life cycles that include birth, growth, development, reproduction, and death and that these cycles differ for different organisms.
3.2.B Identify characteristics of an organism that are inherited from its parents (e.g., eye color in humans, flower color in plants).
3.3.C Understand that heredity is the process by which traits are passed from one generation to the next.
3.3 Understand the structure of organisms and the function of cells in living systems.
3.3.A Understand that all living organisms are composed of cells from one to many trillions, and that cells are usually visible through a microscope.
3.3.B Know that some organisms are made of a collection of similar cells that cooperate (e.g., algae) while other organisms are made of cells that are different in appearance and function (e.g., corn and birds).
3.3.C Describe the relationships among cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms, and ecosystems.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know the structure of the solar system and the objects in the universe.
4.1.A Know that many objects in the universe are huge and are separated from one another by vast distances (e.g., many stars are larger than the sun but so distant that they look like points of light).
4.1.B Understand that Earth is part of a larger solar system, which is part of an even larger galaxy (Milky Way), which is one of many galaxies.
4.1.C Know that there have been manned and unmanned journeys to space and to the moon.
4.2 Know the structure and formation of Earth and its atmosphere and the processes that shape them.
4.2.A Understand that water and air relate to Earth's processes: *how the water cycle relates to weather *how clouds are made of tiny droplets of water, like fog or steam.
4.2.B Know that air is a substance that surrounds Earth (atmosphere), takes up space and moves, and that temperature fluctuations and other factors produce wind currents.
4.2.C Know that most of Earth's surface is covered by water, that most of that water is salt water in the oceans, that fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, underground sources, and glaciers.
4.2.D Recognize that the seasons are caused by Earth's motion around the sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by, individuals and societies.
5.1 Explain how scientific discoveries and inventions have changed individuals and societies.
5.1.A Describe the contributions of science to understanding local or current issues (e.g., watershed and community decisions regarding water use).
5.1.B Describe how various technologies have affected the lives of individuals (e.g., transportation, entertainment, health).

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Ask questions about relationships between and among observable variables and plan investigations to address those questions.
1.1.A Rephrase questions in a testable form and clearly define practical problems.
1.1.B Identify questions to investigate arising from practical problems and issues.
1.1.C Propose alternative solutions to a given practical problem, select one, and develop a plan.
1.1.D State a prediction and a hypothesis based on background information or an observed pattern of events.
1.1.E Design an experiment and identify major variables.
1.1.F Select appropriate methods and tools for collecting data and information, and for solving problems.
1.2 Conduct investigations into relationships between and among observations, and gather and record qualitative and quantitative data.
1.2.A Estimate measurements.
1.2.B Use instruments effectively and accurately for collecting data.
1.2.C Organize data using a format that is appropriate to the task or experiment.
1.2.D Select and integrate information from various print and electronic sources or from several parts of the same source.
1.3 Analyze quantitative data and develop and assess possible explanations.
1.3.A Identify strengths and weaknesses of different methods of collecting and displaying data.
1.3.B Interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships among the variables.
1.3.C Identify, and suggest explanations for discrepancies in data.
1.3.D State a conclusion based on experimental data, and explain how evidence gathered supports or refutes an initial idea.
1.3.E Identify and evaluate potential applications of findings.
1.3.F Identify and correct practical problems in the way a prototype or
constructed device functions.
1.3.G Identify new questions and problems that arise from what was learned.
1.4 Work collaboratively on problems and use appropriate language and formats to communicate ideas, procedures, and results.
1.4.A Receive, understand, and act on the ideas of others.
1.4.B Communicate questions, ideas, intentions, plans, and results, using lists, notes in point form, sentences, data tables, graphs, drawings, oral language, and other means.
1.4.C Work cooperatively with team members to develop and carry out a plan, and troubleshoot problems as they arise.
1.4.D Evaluate individual and group processes used in planning.
1.4.E Defend a given position on an issue or problem, based on own findings.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.

This standard is addressed in grade eight.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.

This standard is addressed in grade seven.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.
4.1 Know current scientific theories about the universe and how those theories evolved.
4.1.A Explain about the sun, its place in our galaxy, and the galaxy's place and relative magnitude in the universe.
4.1.B Know about our solar system, including the planets, moons, comets, and asteroids.
4.1.C Understand that the phases of the moon are caused by the moon's orbit around the earth, which changes what part of the moon is lighted by the sun and how much of that part can be seen from the earth.
4.2 Understand how key features of the earth influence climate, weather, and the water cycle.
4.2.A Understand that the air is made of particles and that the behavior of particles is the basis for the study of weather.
4.2.B Use student-gathered evidence to infer that air is made of unseen particles.
4.2.C Understand situations in which air takes up space, has mass, is made of particles, and expands when heated.
4.2.D Demonstrate an understanding of the air as a gas.
4.2.E Demonstrate an understanding of what causes the seasons and weather patterns.
4.2.F Use student-constructed and standard instruments to observe and record local weather conditions.
4.2.G Use observations and weather maps to make weather forecasts.
4.2.H Demonstrate an understanding of local weather in relation to larger weather systems and events.
4.2.I Demonstrate an understanding of the weather in terms of temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation and cloud cover.
4.2.J Identify patterns in indoor and outdoor air movement.
4.2.K Understand the key features of a variety of weather systems (e.g., fronts, isobars, pressure zones).
4.2.L Demonstrate an understanding of environmental factors, including the effects of volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts, and atmospheric and oceanic changes on world climate.
4.2.M Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of the water cycle on climatic patterns.
4.2.N Demonstrate an understanding of the constant circulation of water on earth to the processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation.
4.2.O Demonstrate an understanding of the influence on climate of heat energy carried by ocean currents.
4.2.P Demonstrate an understanding of causes and possible global and personal solutions for major atmospheric environmental issues, such as air pollution, global warming, or thinning of the ozone.
4.3 Understand scientific theories of how the earth's surface is formed and how those theories developed.
4.3.A Know how soil is formed and how it is modified by living and decaying organisms.
4.3.B Understand the development, key ideas, and evidence for the theory of plate tectonics.
4.3.C Know the layers of the earth and their key characteristics, including the movements of the plates that form the crust and the geographic and geological results of those movements.
4.3.D Know the rock cycle.
4.3.E Identify and classify some common rocks and minerals.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Understand that science and technology use specific processes to investigate the natural and constructed world, or to seek solutions to practical problems.
5.1.A Understand the importance of selecting appropriate processes for investigating scientific questions and solving technological problems.
5.1.B Demonstrate an understanding of how results of similar and repeated investigations may vary and suggest possible explanations for variations.
5.1.C Know the importance of using the language of science and technology to compare and communicate ideas, processes, and results.
5.1.D Know the differences among types of investigations (e.g., investigations in physics will be of a different type than those of biology).
5.2 Understand that science and technology develop over time.
5.2.A Know examples of scientific questions and technological problems that have been addressed differently at different times.
5.2.B Know that evidence must be continually questioned in order to validate scientific knowledge.
5.2.C Give examples of the change of scientific theories and concepts over time and how new evidence has brought about changes in thinking.
5.3 Know that science and technology work together in investigating questions and problems and in meeting specific needs.
5.3.A Know that science and technology interact with and advance one another.
5.3.B Explore ways that science and technology work together in investigating questions and problems and in meeting specific needs.
5.4 Describe applications of science and technology that have developed in response to human and environmental needs.
5.4.A Describe positive and negative effects that result from applications of science and technology in their own lives, the lives of others, and the environment.
5.4.B Examine and discuss at least one current science-related social issue that affects human life and the environment.
5.4.C Identify examples of careers in which science and technology play a major role.
5.4.D Recognize that women and men of any cultural background can contribute equally to science.
5.4.E. Understand how personal actions help conserve resources and protect the environment in one's own region.
5.4.F Know the potential impact of the use by humans of regional natural resources.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Ask questions about relationships between and among observable variables and plan investigations to address those questions.
1.1.A Rephrase questions in a testable form and clearly define practical problems.
1.1.B Identify questions to investigate arising from practical problems and issues.
1.1.C Propose alternative solutions to a given practical problem, select one, and develop a plan.
1.1.D State a prediction and a hypothesis based on background information or an observed pattern of events.
1.1.E Design an experiment and identify major variables.
1.1.F Select appropriate methods and tools for collecting data and information and for solving problems.
1.2 Conduct investigations into relationships between and among observations and gather and record qualitative and quantitative data.
1.2.A Estimate measurements.
1.2.B Use instruments effectively and accurately for collecting data.
1.2.C Organize data using a format that is appropriate to the task or experiment.
1.2.D Select and integrate information from various print and electronic sources or from several parts of the same source.
1.3 Analyze quantitative data and develop and assess possible explanations.
1.3.A Identify strengths and weaknesses of different methods of collecting and displaying data.
1.3.B Interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships among the variables.
1.3.C Identify, and suggest explanations for discrepancies in data.
1.3.D State a conclusion, based on experimental data, and explain how evidence gathered supports or refutes an initial idea.
1.3.E Identify and evaluate potential applications of findings.
1.3.F Identify and correct practical problems in the way a prototype or constructed device functions.
1.3.G Identify new questions and problems that arise from what was learned.
1.4 Work collaboratively on problems, and use appropriate language and formats to communicate ideas, procedures, and results.
1.4.A Receive, understand, and act on the ideas of others.
1.4.B Communicate questions, ideas, intentions, plans, and results, using lists, notes in point form, sentences, data tables, graphs, drawings, oral language, and other means.
1.4.C Work cooperatively with team members to develop and carry out a plan, and troubleshoot problems as they arise.
1.4.D Evaluate individual and group processes used in planning.
1.4.E Defend a given position on an issue or problem, based on their findings.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.

This standard is addressed in grade eight.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Understand how and why organisms are dependent on one another and their environments.
3.1.A Demonstrate an understanding of biomes (i.e., aquatic, desert, rain forest, grasslands, tundra) and describe the Costa Rican biomes.
3.1.B Demonstrate an understanding of how individuals of species that exist together interact with their environment to create an ecosystem (e.g., populations, communities, niches, habitats, food webs).
3.1.C Demonstrate an understanding of the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem and describe the relationships among these components.
3.1.D Demonstrate an understanding of and provide examples demonstrating negative and positive relationships among organisms (such as predator/prey, parasite/host, mutualism, and commensalism).
3.1.E Demonstrate an understanding of responses of plants and animals to various stimuli in their environment.
3.1.F Demonstrate an understanding of the conditions and resources needed to sustain life in specific ecosystems.
3.1.G Demonstrate an understanding of how the abundance or lack of any factor can serve as a limiting factor on populations in an ecosystem.
3.1.H Demonstrate an understanding of the signs of ecological succession in a local ecosystem.
3.1.I Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of pollution to living organisms and to the environment.
3.1.J Demonstrate an understanding of methods of reducing and controlling pollution.
3.1.K Demonstrate an understanding of positive and negative ways humans can affect ecosystems.
3.2 Understand the cycling of matter and the flow and transformation of energy through systems of living things.
3.2.A Demonstrate an understanding of how energy is supplied to, and how it flows through, a food web.
3.2.B Demonstrate an understanding of how a change in the flow of energy can impact an ecosystem (e.g., the amount of sunlight available for plant growth, global climate change).
3.2.C Demonstrate an understanding of how matter is recycled in an ecosystem (e.g., water cycle, carbon cycle) through interactions among plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.
3.3 Understand the arguments for natural selection as a scientific explanation of biological evolution.
3.3.A Demonstrate an understanding of the phrase "survival of the fittest" and relate it to the process of natural selection.
3.3.B Demonstrate an understanding of how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
3.3.C Demonstrate an understanding that small differences between parents and offspring can accumulate through successive generations, so descendants are different from their ancestors.
3.3.D Demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution as the process whereby the earth's present-day species developed from earlier species.
3.3.E Demonstrate an understanding of how selective breeding for particular traits has resulted in new varieties of cultivated plants and domestic animals.
3.4 Be aware of the diversity and adaptations of living organisms.
3.4.A Demonstrate an understanding of how diverse species fill all niches in an ecosystem.
3.4.B Demonstrate an understanding of how biological classification takes into account the diversity of life on earth.
3.4.C Demonstrate an understanding of the biological system of classification to the Phyla level, and describe the sub-classifications of at least one Phylum to the Class level and one Class to the Order level (e.g., mollusks and anthropods).
3.4.D Demonstrate an understanding of how animals are adapted by way of roles, structures and strategies to various environments (e.g., marine and fresh water).
3.4.E Demonstrate an understanding of physical and behavioral adaptations to changes in an organism's environment.
3.5 Understand the structure of organisms and the function of cells in living systems.
3.5.A Demonstrate an understanding that organisms are composed of cells and identify unicellular and multicellular organisms.
3.5.B Demonstrate an understanding of how organs are composed of tissues of different types of cells (e.g., skin, bone, muscle, heart, intestines).
3.5.C Demonstrate an understanding that the cell is a living system that exhibits all the characteristics of life
3.5.D Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between plant and animal cells.
3.5.E Demonstrate an understanding of how some cells respond to stimuli (e.g., light, heat, pressure, gravity).
3.5.F Demonstrate an understanding that photosynthesis in green plants captures the energy from the sun and stores it.
3.5.G Demonstrate an understanding that growth and reproduction depend on cell division.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.

This standard is addressed in grade six.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe various processes used in science and technology that enable us to understand natural phenomena and the development of technological solutions.
5.1.A Demonstrate an understanding of the role of collecting evidence, finding relationships and proposing explanations in the development of scientific knowledge.
5.1.B Demonstrate an understanding of how technologies used in the past were developed through trial and error.
5.1.C Demonstrate an understanding of different approaches taken to answer questions, solve problems, and make decisions.
5.1.D Demonstrate an understanding of terms that are scientific or technological, and those that are not.
5.2 Describe the development of science and technology over time.
5.2.A Demonstrate an understanding of ideas and theories used in the past to explain natural phenomena.
5.2.B Demonstrate an understanding of how scientific knowledge has evolved in light of new evidence.
5.2.C Demonstrate an understanding of technologies used in the past to meet human needs.
5.3 Explain how science and technology interact with and advance one another.
5.3.A Demonstrate an understanding of examples of scientific knowledge that have resulted in the development of technologies.
5.3.B Demonstrate an understanding of examples of technologies used in scientific research.
5.3.C Demonstrate an understanding of the science underlying particular technologies designed to explore natural phenomena, extend human capabilities, or solve practical problems.
5.4 Demonstrate an understanding of how the needs of individuals, society, and the environment influence and are influenced by scientific and technological endeavors.
5.4.A Demonstrate an understanding of examples of world institutions that support scientific and technological endeavors.
5.4.B Demonstrate an understanding of examples of how science and technology affect human lives and communities.
5.4.C Demonstrate an understanding of examples that illustrate that scientific and technological activities take place in a variety of individual or group settings.
5.4.D Demonstrate an understanding of science and technology-based careers.
5.5 Analyze social issues related to the applications and limitations of science and technology, and explain decisions in terms of advantages and disadvantages for sustainability, considering a few perspectives.
5.5.A Demonstrate an understanding of some positive and negative effects, and intended and unintended consequences of a particular scientific or technological development.
5.5.B Demonstrate an understanding of solutions to problems that arise from applications of science and technology, taking into account potential advantages and disadvantages.
5.5.C Demonstrate an understanding of at least one current science-related social issue that affects human life and the environment.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO.

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Ask questions about relationships between and among observable variables and plan investigations to address those questions.
1.1.A Rephrase questions in a testable form and clearly define practical problems.
1.1.B Identify questions to investigate arising from practical problems and issues.
1.1.C Propose alternative solutions to a given practical problem, select one, and develop a plan.
1.1.D State a prediction and a hypothesis based on background information or an observed pattern of events.
1.1.E Design an experiment and identify major variables.
1.1.F Select appropriate methods and tools for collecting data and information, and for solving problems.
1.2 Conduct investigations into relationships between and among observations and gather and record qualitative and quantitative data.
1.2.A Estimate measurements.
1.2.B Use instruments effectively and accurately for collecting data.
1.2.C Organize data using a format that is appropriate to the task or experiment.
1.2.D Select and integrate information from various print and electronic sources or from several parts of the same source.
1.3. Analyze quantitative data and develop and assess possible explanations.
1.3.A Identify strengths and weaknesses of different methods of collecting and displaying data.
1.3.B Interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships among the variables.
1.3.C Identify, and suggest explanations for discrepancies in data.
1.3.D State a conclusion, based on experimental data, and explain how evidence gathered supports or refutes an initial idea.
1.3.E Identify and evaluate potential applications of findings.
1.3.F Identify and correct practical problems in the way a prototype or constructed device functions.
1.3.G Identify new questions and problems that arise from what was learned.
1.4 Work collaboratively on problems and use appropriate language and formats to communicate ideas, procedures, and results.
1.4.A Receive, understand, and act on the ideas of others.
1.4.B Communicate questions, ideas, intentions, plans, and results, using lists, notes in point form, sentences, data tables, graphs, drawings, oral language, and other means.
1.4.C Work cooperatively with team members to develop and carry out a plan, and troubleshoot problems as they arise.
1.4.D Evaluate individual and group processes used in planning.
1.4.E Defend a given position on an issue or problem, based on own findings.

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Know the forms and property of matter and how matter interacts.
2.1.A Understand the evolution in thought about elements, from ancient ideas (e.g., Greek four elements and Chinese five elements) to the knowledge of over 100 elements.
2.1.B Know the basic facts about atoms, including their submicroscopic size, their uniqueness in each element, and their capacity to organize into molecules.
2.1.C Know that there are more than 100 known elements that combine in a multitude of ways to produce compounds, which account for the living and nonliving substances that we encounter.
2.1.D Know the relationship between the energy of atoms and molecules and the state of matter.
2.1.E Know that a substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all of which are independent of the amount of the sample.
2.1.F Understand that a mixture of substances often can be separated into the original substances using one or more of the characteristic properties.
2.1.G Understand that substances react chemically in characteristic ways with other substances to form new substances (compounds) with different characteristic properties.
2.1.H Understand the importance of water as a solvent compared to other substances as solvents.
2.1.I Demonstrate an understanding of water as having separate charges (polar).
2.1.J Know the relationship of polarity to cohesiveness, surface tension, dissolvability and heat capacity.
2.1.K Know the difference between pure substances and mixtures using the particle model of matter.
2.1.L Know the characteristics of solutions using the particle model of matter.
2.1.M Demonstrate an understanding of the concentration of solutions, both quantitatively and qualitatively.
2.1.N Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between mass, volume, and density of solids, liquids, and gases, and relate the results to the particle model of matter.
2.2 Understand the physical processes involved in the transfer, change, and conservation of energy.
2.2.A Know the different forms in which energy can appear, including heat energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy, and gravitational energy.
2.2.B Know that heat can be transferred through materials by the collisions of atoms or across space by conduction, convection, and radiation.
2.2.C Understand the effects of an increase of temperature on a particle's relationship to other particles as a result of a change in energy.
2.2.D Understand temperature using the concept of kinetic energy and the particle model of matter.
2.2.E Understand that heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same temperature.
2.2.F Understand that heat moves from one object to another at different rates, depending on a variety of factors.
2.3 Understand how society uses and conserves various sources of energy.
2.3.A Understand how electricity can be produced, distributed, and transformed into useful forms.
2.3.B Understand attempts in various parts of the world to conserve fossil fuels or use alternate forms of energy to slow the depletion of resources, reduce pollution, or save money.
2.3.C Understand the environmental consequences of producing, distributing, and transforming various forms of energy.
2.3.D Understand the difference between renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy.
2.4 Understand the relationship between force, mass, and the motion of objects.
2.4.A Define force.
2.4.B Know that the motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed; and can be measured and represented on a graph.
2.4.C Identify forces acting on an object, including gravity, elastic forces, and friction.
2.4.D Understand that the greater the mass of an object, the more force is needed to achieve the same change in motion.
2.4.E Know that when the forces on an object are balanced, the motion of the object does not change.
2.4.F Know that when the forces on an object are unbalanced, the object will change its motion.
2.4.G Apply Newton's three laws of motion to predict the motion of most objects.
2.4.H Understand that kinetic energy is a measure of the energy of an object in motion and potential energy is a measure of an object's position or composition.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.

This standard is addressed in grade seven.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.

This standard is addressed in grade six.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Describe various processes used in science and technology that enable us to understand natural phenomena and the development of technological solutions.
5.1.A Understand the role of collecting evidence, finding relationships and proposing explanations in the development of scientific knowledge.
5.1.B Know how technologies used in the past were developed through trial and error.
5.1.C Identify different approaches taken to answer questions, solve problems, and make decisions.
5.1.D Distinguish between terms that are scientific or technological and those that are not.
5.2 Demonstrate an understanding of the development of science and technology over time.
5.2.A Understand ideas and theories used in the past to explain natural phenomena.
5.2.B Understand how scientific knowledge has evolved in light of new evidence.
5.2.C Understand the technologies used in the past to meet human needs.
5.3 Explain how science and technology interact with and advance one another.
5.3.A Give examples of scientific knowledge that have resulted in the development of technologies.
5.3.B Give examples of technologies used in scientific research.
5.3.C Understand the science underlying particular technologies designed to explore natural phenomena, extend human capabilities, or solve practical problems.
5.4 Illustrate how the needs of individuals, society, and the environment influence and are influenced by scientific and technological endeavors.
5.4.A Give examples of world institutions that support scientific and technological endeavors.
5.4.B Give examples of how science and technology affect their lives and their community.
5.4.C Give examples that illustrate that scientific and technological activities take place in a variety of individual or group settings.
5.4.D Identify science and technology-based careers.
5.5 Analyze social issues related to the applications and limitations of science and technology, and explain decisions in terms of advantages and disadvantages for sustainability, considering a few perspectives.
5.5.A Understand both positive and negative effects and intended and unintended consequences of a particular scientific or technological development.
5.5.B Recommend solutions to problems that arise from applications of science and technology, taking into account potential advantages and disadvantages.
5.5.C Propose a course of action on social issues related to science and technology, taking into account personal and community needs.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards & AERO

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data and observations, to design and conduct scientific investigations, and communicate results.
1.1.A Describe the essential components of an investigation, including appropriate methodologies, proper equipment, and safety precautions.
1.1.B Design and conduct scientific investigations that include:
• testable hypotheses
• controls and variables
• methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data
• results that address hypotheses being investigated
• predictions based on results
• re-evaluation of hypotheses and additional experimentation as necessary
• error analysis.

1.1.C Use appropriate technologies to collect, analyze, and communicate scientific data (e.g., computers, calculators, balances, microscopes, probes, etc. where appropriate).
1.1.D Convey results of investigations using scientific concepts, methodologies, and expressions, including:
• scientific language and symbols
• diagrams, charts, and other data displays
• mathematical expressions and processes (e.g., mean, median, slope, proportionality)
• clear, logical, and concise communication
• reasoned arguments.

1.1.E Understand how scientific theories are used to explain and predict natural phenomena (e.g., plate tectonics, ocean currents, structure of atom).
1.2 Understand that scientific processes produce scientific knowledge that is continually evaluated, validated, revised, or rejected.
1.2.A Understand how scientific processes produce valid, reliable results, including:
• consistency of explanations with data and observations
• openness to peer review
• full disclosure and examination of assumptions
• testability of hypotheses
• repeatability of experiments and reproducibility of results.

1.2.B Use scientific reasoning and valid logic to recognize:
• faulty logic
• cause and effect
• the difference between observation and unsubstantiated inferences and conclusions
• potential bias.

1.2.C Understand how new data and observations can result in new scientific knowledge.
1.2.D Critically analyze an accepted explanation by reviewing current scientific knowledge.
1.2.E Examine investigations of current interest in science (e.g., superconductivity, molecular machines, age of the universe).
1.2.F Examine the scientific processes and logic used in investigations of past events (e.g., using data from crime scenes or fossils), investigations that can be planned in advance, but are only done once (e.g., expensive or time-consuming experiments such as medical or clinical trials), and investigations of phenomena that can be repeated easily and frequently.
1.3 Use mathematical concepts, principles, and expressions to analyze data, develop models, understand patterns and relationships, evaluate findings, and draw conclusions.
1.3.A Create multiple displays of data to analyze and explain the relationships in scientific investigations.
1.3.B Use mathematical models to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena.
1.3.C Use technologies to quantify relationships in scientific hypotheses (e.g., calculators, computer spreadsheets and databases, graphing software, simulations, modeling).
1.3.D Identify and apply measurement techniques and consider possible effects of measurement errors.
1.3.E Use mathematics to express and establish scientific relationships (e.g., scientific º notation, vectors, dimensional analysis).

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
This standard is addressed in grade ten.

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.
3.1 Evaluate how the survival of species depends on biodiversity and on complex interactions, including the cycling of matter and the flow of energy.
3.1.A Know that an ecosystem is complex and may exhibit fluctuations around a steady state or may evolve over time.
3.1.B Describe how organisms cooperate and compete in ecosystems (e.g., producers, decomposers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, predator/prey, symbiosis, mutualism).
3.1.C Understand and describe how available resources limit the amount of life an ecosystem can support. 3.1.D Critically analyze how humans modify and change ecosystems. (e.g., harvesting, pollution, population growth, technology).
3.1.E Explain how matter and energy flow through biological systems.
3.1.F Describe how energy flows from the sun through plants to herbivores to carnivores and decomposers. 3.1.G Understand and explain the principles of photosynthesis.
3.1.H Understand and explain the hierarchical classification scheme (domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) including similarity inferred from molecular structure and similarities of organisms reflecting evolutionary relationships.
3.1.I Understand variation within and among species including mutations and genetic drift, factors affecting the survival of an organism, and natural selection.
3.2 Analyze the genetic basis for inheritance and the basic concepts of biological evolution.
3.2.A Know how DNA carries all genetic information in the units of heredity called genes, including:
• the structure of DNA ( e.g., subunits A, G, C, T)
• information-preserving replication of DNA
• alteration of genes by inserting, deleting, or substituting parts of DNA.

3.2.B Use appropriate vocabulary to describe inheritable traits (i.e., genotype, phenotype).
3.2.C Explain the concepts of segregation, independent assortment, and dominant/recessive alleles.
3.2.D Identify traits that can and cannot be inherited.
3.2.E Know how genetic variability results from the recombination and mutation of genes, including:
• the sorting and recombining of genes in sexual reproduction results in a change in DNA that is passed on to offspring
• radiation or chemical substances can cause mutations in cells, resulting in a permanent change in DNA.

3.2.F Understand the principles of sexual and asexual reproduction, including meiosis and mitosis.
3.2.G Know that most cells in the human body contain 23 pairs of chromosomes including one pair that determines sex, and that human females have two X chromosomes, and human males have an X and a Y chromosome.
3.2.H Describe the evidence for the first appearance of life on Earth as onecelled organisms, over 3.5 billion years ago, and for the later appearance of a diversity of multicellular organisms over millions of years.
3.2.I Critically analyze the data and observations supporting the conclusion that the species living on Earth today are related by descent from the ancestral one-celled organisms.
3.2.J Understand the data, observations, and logic supporting the conclusion that species today evolved from earlier, distinctly different species, originating from the ancestral one-celled organisms.
3.2.K Understand that evolution is a consequence of many factors, including the ability of organisms to reproduce, genetic variability, the effect of limited resources, and natural selection.
3.2.L Explain how natural selection favors individuals who are better able to survive, reproduce, and leave offspring.
3.2.M Analyze how evolution by natural selection and other mechanisms explains many phenomena including the fossil record of ancient life forms, and similarities (both physical and molecular) among different species.
3.3 Understand the characteristics, structures, and functions of cells.
3.3.A Know that cells are made of proteins composed of combinations of amino acids.
3.3.B Know that specialized structures inside cells in most organisms carry out different functions, including:
• parts of a cell and their functions (e.g., nucleus, chromosomes, plasma, and mitochondria)
• storage of genetic material in DNA
• similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
• prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3.3.C Describe the mechanisms for cellular processes (e.g., energy production and storage, transport of molecules, waste disposal, synthesis of new molecules).
3.3.D Know how the cell membrane controls which ions and molecules enter and leave the cell based on membrane permeability and transport (i.e., osmosis, diffusion, active transport, passive transport).
3.3.E Explain how cells differentiate and specialize during the growth of an organism, including:
• differentiation, regulated through the selected expression of different genes
• specialized cells, response to stimuli (e.g., nerve cells, sense organs).

3.3.F Know that DNA directs protein building (e.g., role of RNA).
3.3.G Describe how most cell functions involve chemical reactions, including:
• promotion or inhibition of biochemical reactions by enzymes
• processes of respiration (e.g., energy production, ATP)
• communication from cell to cell by secretion of a variety of chemicals (e.g., hormones).

3.4 Evaluate and become familiar with important aspects of human development, the human body, and factors that influence learning in human beings.
3.4.A Describe the function and structure of the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems and understand how these systems function to coordinate cellular activities and facilitate cellular communication.
3.4.B Describe modes of transmission and prevention of AIDS and STDs.
3.4.C Give examples of some viral diseases, such as AIDS, which destroy critical cells of the immune system, leaving the body unable to deal with multiple infection agents and cancerous cells.
3.4.D Explain the mechanism of allergic reactions and describe the body's response to them.
3.4.E Explain how faulty genes can cause body parts or systems to work poorly.
3.4.F Explain how differences in the behavior and learning of individuals arise from the interaction of heredity and experience,
3.4.G Describe the stages of human embryonic development from fertilization to birth.
3.4.H Describe the usual sequence of physical and mental development from birth to adulthood.
3.4.I Describe the means by which different contraceptive methods prevent pregnancy.
3.4.J Compare and contrast human embryonic development to other vertebrates.
3.4.K Describe the various body changes that occur in human beings from adulthood until death.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.

The standard is addressed in grade six.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Examine and analyze how scientific discoveries and their applications affect the world, and explain how societies influence scientific investigations and applications.
5.1.A Know how science enables technology but also constrains it, and recognize the difference between real technology and science fiction.
5.1.B Understand how advances in technology enable further advances in science (e.g., microscopes and cellular structure; telescopes and understanding of the universe).
5.1.C Evaluate the influences of technology on society (e.g., communications, petroleum, transportation, nuclear energy, computers, medicine, genetic engineering) including both desired and undesired effects, and including some historical examples (e.g., the wheel, the plow, the printing press, the lightning rod).
5.1.D Understand the scientific foundations of common technologies.
5.1.E Describe major historical changes in scientific perspectives (e.g., atomic theory, germs, cosmology, relativity, plate tectonics, evolution) and the experimental observations that triggered them.
5.1.F Describe how environmental, economic, and political interests impact resource management.
5.1.G Identify how science has produced knowledge that is relevant to individual health and material prosperity.
5.1.H Understand that reasonable people may disagree about some issues that are of interest to both science and religion (e.g., the origin of life on earth, the cause of the Big Bang, the future of earth).
5.1.I Understand that scientists have characteristics in common with other individuals (e.g., employment and career needs, curiosity, desire to perform public service, greed, preconceptions and biases, temptation to be unethical, core values including honesty and openness).
5.1.J Know that science plays a role in many different kinds of careers and activities.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards and AERO.

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing,experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data and observations, to design and conduct scientific investigations, and communicate results.
1.1.A Describe the essential components of an investigation, including appropriate methodologies, proper equipment, and safety precautions.
1.1.B Design and conduct scientific investigations that include:
• testable hypotheses
• controls and variables
• methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data
• results that address hypotheses being investigated
• predictions based on results
• re-evaluation of hypotheses and additional experimentation as necessary
• error analysis.

1.1.C Use appropriate technologies to collect, analyze, and communicate scientific data (e.g., computers, calculators, balances, microscopes, probes, etc. where appropriate).
1.1.D Convey results of investigations using scientific concepts, methodologies, and expressions, including:
• scientific language and symbols
• diagrams, charts, and other data displays
• mathematical expressions and processes (e.g., mean, median, slope, proportionality)
• clear, logical, and concise communication
• reasoned arguments.

1.1.E Understand how scientific theories are used to explain and predict natural phenomena (e.g., plate tectonics, ocean currents, structure of atom).
1.2 Understand that scientific processes produce scientific knowledge that is continually evaluated, validated, revised, or rejected.
1.2.A Understand how scientific processes produce valid, reliable results, including:
• consistency of explanations with data and observations
• openness to peer review
• full disclosure and examination of assumptions
• testability of hypotheses
• repeatability of experiments and reproducibility of results.

1.2.B Use scientific reasoning and valid logic to recognize:
• faulty logic
• cause and effect
• the difference between observation and unsubstantiated inferences and conclusions
• potential bias.

1.2.C Understand how new data and observations can result in new scientific knowledge.
1.2.D Critically analyze an accepted explanation by reviewing current scientific knowledge.
1.2.E Examine investigations of current interest in science (e.g., superconductivity, molecular machines, age of the universe).
1.2.F Examine the scientific processes and logic used in investigations of past events (e.g., using data from crime scenes or fossils), investigations that can be planned in advance, but are only done once (e.g., expensive or time-consuming experiments such as medical or clinical trials), and investigations of phenomena that can be repeated easily and frequently.
1.3 Use mathematical concepts, principles, and expressions to analyze data, develop models, understand patterns and relationships, evaluate findings, and draw conclusions.
1.3.A Create multiple displays of data to analyze and explain the relationships in scientific investigations.
1.3.B Use mathematical models to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena.
1.3.C Use technologies to quantify relationships in scientific hypotheses (e.g., calculators, computer spreadsheets and databases, graphing software, simulations, modeling).
1.3.D Identify and apply measurement techniques and consider possible effects of measurement errors.
1.3.E Use mathematics to express and establish scientific relationships (e.g., scientific notation, vectors, dimensional analysis).

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Understand the properties, underlying structure, and reactions of matter.
2.1.A Classify matter in a variety of ways (e.g., element, compound, mixture; solid, liquid, gas; acidic, basic, neutral).
2.1.B Identify, measure, and use a variety of physical and chemical properties (e.g., electrical conductivity, density, viscosity, chemical reactivity, pH, melting point).
2.1.C Know how to use properties to separate mixtures into pure substances (e.g., distillation, chromatography, solubility).
2.1.D Describe trends in properties (e.g., ionization energy or reactivity as a function of location on the periodic table, boiling point of organic liquids as a function of molecular weight).
2.2 Understand the transformation and transmission of energy and how energy and matter interact.
2.2.A Identify different forms of energy, including kinetic, gravitational (potential), chemical, thermal, nuclear, and electromagnetic.
2.2.B Explain how thermal energy (heat) consists of the random motion and vibrations of atoms and molecules and is measured by temperature.
2.2.C Understand that energy can change from one form to another (e.g., changes in kinetic and potential energy in a gravitational field, heats of reaction, hydroelectric dams) and know that energy is conserved in these changes.
2.2.D Understand how heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation, and how heat conduction differs in conductors and insulators.
2.2.E Explain how heat flows in terms of the transfer of vibrational motion of atoms and molecules from hotter to colder regions.
2.2.F Understand that the ability of energy to do something useful (work) tends to decrease (and never increases) as energy is converted from one form to another.
2.2.G Understand that electromagnetic waves carry energy that can be transferred when they interact with matter.
2.2.H Describe the characteristics of electromagnetic waves (e.g., visible light, radio, microwave, X-ray, ultraviolet, gamma) and other waves (e.g., sound, seismic waves, water waves), including:
• origin and potential hazards of various forms of electromagnetic radiation
• energy of electromagnetic waves carried in discrete energy packets (photons) whose energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.

2.2.I Know that each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy only in discrete amounts.
2.2.J Explain how wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used to identify atoms, molecules, and the composition of stars.
2.2.K Understand the concept of equilibrium (i.e., thermal, mechanical, and chemical).
2.3 Understand the motion of objects and waves, and the forces that cause them.
2.3.A Know that there are four fundamental forces in nature: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force.
2.3.B Know that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object, and know how this force depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.
2.3.C Know that materials containing equal amounts of positive and negative charges are electrically neutral, but that a small excess or deficit of negative charges produces significant electrical forces.
2.3.D Understand the relationship between force and pressure, and how the pressure of a volume of gas depends on the temperature and the amount of gas.
2.3.E Explain how electric currents cause magnetism and how changing magnetic fields produce electricity (e.g., electric motors, generators).
2.3.F Represent the magnitude and direction of forces by vector diagrams.
2.3.G Know that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force of equal magnitude and in the opposite direction on the first object (i.e., Newton’s Third Law).
2.3.H Apply Newton’s Laws to describe and analyze the behavior of moving objects, including:
• displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a moving object
• Newton’s Second Law, F = ma (e.g., momentum and its conservation, the motion of an object falling under gravity, the independence of a falling object’s motion on mass)
• circular motion and centripetal force.

2.3.I Describe relative motion using frames of reference.
2.3.J Describe wave propagation using amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.
2.3.K Explain how the interactions of waves can result in interference, reflection, and refraction.
2.3.L Describe how waves are used for practical purposes (e.g., seismic data, acoustic effects, Doppler effect).

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.

This standard is addressed in grades seven and nine.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.

The standard is addressed in grade six.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.
5.1 Examine and analyze how scientific discoveries and their applications affect the world, and explain how societies influence scientific investigations and applications.
5.1.A Know how science enables technology but also constrains it, and recognize the difference between real technology and science fiction.
5.1.B Understand how advances in technology enable further advances in science (e.g., microscopes and cellular structure; telescopes and understanding of the universe).
5.1.C Evaluate the influences of technology on society (e.g., communications, petroleum, transportation, nuclear energy, computers, medicine, genetic engineering) including both desired and undesired effects, and including some historical examples (e.g., the wheel, the plow, the printing press, the lightning rod).
5.1.D Understand the scientific foundations of common technologies.
5.1.E Describe major historical changes in scientific perspectives (e.g.,atomic theory, germs, cosmology, relativity, plate tectonics, evolution) and the experimental observations that triggered them.
5.1.F Describe how environmental, economic, and political interests impact nresource management.
5.1.G Identify how science has produced knowledge that is relevant to individual health and material prosperity.
5.1.H Understand that reasonable people may disagree about some issues that are of interest to both science and religion (e.g., the origin of life on earth, the cause of the Big Bang, the future of earth).
5.1.I Understand that scientists have characteristics in common with other individuals (e.g., employment and career needs, curiosity, desire to perform public service, greed, preconceptions and biases, temptation to be unethical, core values including honesty and openness).
5.1.J Know that science plays a role in many different kinds of careers and activities.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards and AERO.

1. Scientific Thinking and Practice - Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically.
1.1 Use accepted scientific methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data and observations, to design and conduct scientific investigations, and communicate results.
1.1.A Describe the essential components of an investigation, including appropriate methodologies, proper equipment, and safety precautions.
1.1.B Design and conduct scientific investigations that include:
• testable hypotheses
• controls and variables
• methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data
• results that address hypotheses being investigated
• predictions based on results
• re-evaluation of hypotheses and additional experimentation as necessary
• error analysis.

1.1.C Use appropriate technologies to collect, analyze, and communicate scientific data (e.g., computers, calculators, balances, microscopes, probes, etc. where appropriate).
1.1.D Convey results of investigations using scientific concepts, methodologies, and expressions, including:
• scientific language and symbols
• diagrams, charts, and other data displays
• mathematical expressions and processes (e.g., mean, median, slope, proportionality)
• clear, logical, and concise communication
• reasoned arguments.

1.1.E Understand how scientific theories are used to explain and predict natural phenomena (e.g., plate tectonics, ocean currents, structure of atom).
1.2 Understand that scientific processes produce scientific knowledge that is continually evaluated, validated, revised, or rejected.
1.2.A Understand how scientific processes produce valid, reliable results, including:
• consistency of explanations with data and observations
• openness to peer review
• full disclosure and examination of assumptions
• testability of hypotheses
• repeatability of experiments and reproducibility of results.

1.2.B Use scientific reasoning and valid logic to recognize:
• faulty logic
• cause and effect
• the difference between observation and unsubstantiated inferences and conclusions
• potential bias.

1.2.C Understand how new data and observations can result in new scientific knowledge.
1.2.D Critically analyze an accepted explanation by reviewing current scientific knowledge.
1.2.E Examine investigations of current interest in science (e.g., superconductivity, molecular machines, age of the universe).
1.2.F Examine the scientific processes and logic used in investigations of past events (e.g., using data from crime scenes or fossils), investigations that can be planned in advance, but are only done once (e.g., expensive or time-consuming experiments such as medical or clinical trials), and investigations of phenomena that can be repeated easily and frequently.
1.3 Use mathematical concepts, principles, and expressions to analyze data, develop models, understand patterns and relationships, evaluate findings, and draw conclusions.
1.3.A Create multiple displays of data to analyze and explain the relationships in scientific investigations.
1.3.B Use mathematical models to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena.
1.3.C Use technologies to quantify relationships in scientific hypotheses (e.g., calculators, computer spreadsheets and databases, graphing software, simulations, modeling).
1.3.D Identify and apply measurement techniques and consider possible effects of measurement errors.
1.3.E Use mathematics to express and establish scientific relationships (e.g., scientific notation, vectors, dimensional analysis).

2. The Content of Science (Physical Science) - Understand the structure of properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
2.1 Understand the properties, underlying structure, and reactions of matter.
2.1.A Classify matter in a variety of ways (e.g., element, compound, mixture; solid, liquid, gas; acidic, basic, neutral).
2.1.B Identify, measure, and use a variety of physical and chemical properties (e.g., electrical conductivity, density, viscosity, chemical reactivity, pH, melting point).
2.1.C Know how to use properties to separate mixtures into pure substances (e.g., distillation, chromatography, solubility).
2.1.D Describe trends in properties (e.g., ionization energy or reactivity as a function of location on the periodic table, boiling point of organic liquids as a function of molecular weight).
2.1.E Understand that matter is made of atoms and that atoms are made of subatomic particles.
2.1.F Understand atomic structure, including:
• most space occupied by electrons
• nucleus made of protons and neutrons
• isotopes of an element
• masses of proton and neutron 2000 times greater than mass of electron
• atom held together by proton-electron electrical forces

2.1.G Explain how electrons determine the properties of substances by:
• interactions between atoms through transferring or sharing valence electrons
• ionic and covalent bonds
• the ability of carbon to form a diverse array of organic structures.

2.1.H Make predictions about elements using the periodic table (e.g., number of valence electrons, metallic character, reactivity, conductivity, type of bond between elements).
2.1.I Understand how the type and arrangement of atoms and their bonds determine macroscopic properties (e.g., boiling point, electrical conductivity, hardness of minerals).
2.1.J Know that states of matter (i.e., solid, liquid, gas) depend on the arrangement of atoms and molecules and on their freedom of motion.
2.1.K Know that some atomic nuclei can change, including:
• spontaneous decay
• half-life of isotopes
• fission
• fusion (e.g., the sun)
• alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

2.1.L Know that chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms, and that they occur on many timescales (e.g., picoseconds to millennia).
2.1.M Understand types of chemical reactions (e.g., synthesis, decomposition, combustion, redox, neutralization) and identify them as exothermic or endothermic.
2.1.N Know how to express chemical reactions with balanced equations that show:
• conservation of mass
• products of common reactions.

2.1.O Describe how the rate of chemical reactions depends on many factors that include temperature, concentration, and the presence of catalysts.
2.2 Understand the transformation and transmission of energy and how energy and matter interact.
2.2.A Identify different forms of energy, including kinetic, gravitational (potential), chemical, thermal, nuclear, and electromagnetic.
2.2.B Explain how thermal energy (heat) consists of the random motion and vibrations of atoms and molecules and is measured by temperature.
2.2.C Understand that energy can change from one form to another (e.g., changes in kinetic and potential energy in a gravitational field, heats of reaction, hydroelectric dams) and know that energy is conserved in these changes.
2.2.D Understand how heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation, and how heat conduction differs in conductors and insulators.
2.2.E Explain how heat flows in terms of the transfer of vibrational motion of atoms and molecules from hotter to colder regions.
2.2.F Understand that the ability of energy to do something useful (work) tends to decrease (and never increases) as energy is converted from one form to another.
2.2.G Understand that electromagnetic waves carry energy that can be transferred when they interact with matter.
2.2.H Describe the characteristics of electromagnetic waves (e.g., visible light, radio, microwave, X-ray, ultraviolet, gamma) and other waves (e.g., sound, seismic waves, water waves), including:
• origin and potential hazards of various forms of electromagnetic radiation
• energy of electromagnetic waves carried in discrete energy packets (photons) whose energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.

2.2.I Know that each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy only in discrete amounts.
2.2.J Explain how wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used to identify atoms, molecules, and the composition of stars.
2.2.K Understand the concept of equilibrium (i.e., thermal, mechanical, and chemical).

3. The Content of Science (Life Science) - Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.

This standard is addressed in grades seven and nine.

4. The Content of Science (Earth and Space Science) - Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth's systems.

The standard is addressed in grade six.

5. Science and Society - Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by individuals and societies.

5.1 Examine and analyze how scientific discoveries and their applications affect the world, and explain how societies influence scientific investigations and applications.
5.1.A Know how science enables technology but also constrains it, and recognize the difference between real technology and science fiction.
5.1.B Understand how advances in technology enable further advances in science (e.g., microscopes and cellular structure; telescopes and understanding of the universe).
5.1.C Evaluate the influences of technology on society (e.g., communications, petroleum, transportation, nuclear energy, computers, medicine, genetic engineering) including both desired and undesired effects, and including some historical examples (e.g., the wheel, the plow, the printing press, the lightning rod).
5.1.D Understand the scientific foundations of common technologies.
5.1.E Describe major historical changes in scientific perspectives (e.g., atomic theory, germs, cosmology, relativity, plate tectonics, evolution) and the experimental observations that triggered them.
5.1.F Describe how environmental, economic, and political interests impact resource management.
5.1.G Identify how science has produced knowledge that is relevant to individual health and material prosperity.
5.1.H Understand that reasonable people may disagree about some issues that are of interest to both science and religion (e.g., the origin of life on earth, the cause of the Big Bang, the future of earth).
5.1.I Understand that scientists have characteristics in common with other individuals (e.g., employment and career needs, curiosity, desire to perform public service, greed, preconceptions and biases, temptation to be unethical, core values including honesty and openness).
5.1.J Know that science plays a role in many different kinds of careers and activities.

*Adapted from New Mexico Science Content Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards and AERO.