Garcinia intermedia (Pittier)
Hammel
Common Name:JORCO
Occasional evergreen understory (10-20 m) tree found in most
primary forest habitats, excluding the extreme coastal zone. This
tree forms a densely branched, thick, and dark green crown that
is sometimes adorned with contrasting, bright orange fruits.
Description: Jorco has a cylindrical
and straight trunk of small girth (20 cm). The brown-black
bark is mostly smooth, though some low horizontal striations give
it some texture. The upper half of the tree is thickly covered
with thin, horizontal branches,
oriented
at right angles to the bole. This profusion of limbs, combined
with an ample covering of dark green foliage, produces a dense,
impenetrable crown - unusual in an understory species - though
its pyramidal shape is typical of many monopodial trees. Leaves
(8 by 3 cm) are simple and oppositely arranged. They are relatively
thick and leathery, with smooth surfaces and entire margins. Elliptical
in shape, the opaque, emerald green blades taper to points at
both ends and include moderately well developed drip tips. The
unique Garcinia petiole (1 cm) is formed from the union
of the lower blade edges that curl around the midrib and are fused
where they meet. As in other members of the Clusiaceae family,
secondary leaf veins are fine and parallel. New leaves, usually
grown just prior to flowering but potentially visible from November
to April, are translucent and white or flesh-colored. Appearing
at the tips of the branches, they stand out in marked contrast
to the deep green hues of the rest of the crown. Flowers
(5 mm) are imperfect, with male and female blossoms appearing
on separate trees (dioecious). Both types of flowers are produced
in compact and dense axillary clusters. Each blossom consists
of five pale, greenish-white petals that are folded back around
the pedestal and either a central, globular cluster of about 20
short stamens (male) or a globular green ovary topped with a brown
stigma (female). Several vestigial staminate appendages are also
present in the female flower. Blossoms are strongly and sweetly
aromatic. Flowers may be seen for a short (three week) period
occurring sometime between November and early January: the exact
timing and
the degree of synchronization
of the event are quite variable. Fruits mature, changing
color from glossy green to orange, as fleshy (2.5 cm) ovoid berries.
Nestled amid the contrasting foliage, they can be seen dangling
from flexible, short green stems. The fruit conceals a pair of
almond-shaped seeds (2 cm), each bearing a flattened side marking
its point of contact with the other. Harvests begin in late December
and continue, slowly but continuously, through March. Seeds do
not germinate immediately, waiting instead for several months
- often well into the rainy season - before initiating growth.
Similar Species: Other understory trees with small, opposite leaves include Eugenia argyrea, and Myrciaria floribunda. These are distinguishable from Garcinia in two unmistakable ways. First, they lack the dense crown, monopodial trunk, and horizontal branching of Garcinia. Second, their leaves have netlike patterns of secondary veins while those of Garcinia are neatly parallel.
Natural History: Flowers are
probably insect pollinated. Fruits are highly prized by birds
and mammals alike: squirrel monkeys, Buff-throated Saltators and
bats (Croat, 1978) are among the animals that have been observed
eating them.
This tree is extremely easy to recognize when new leaves are
present - the pairs of white blades stand out in marked contrast
from the rest of the foliage. Possibly, the practice of producing
young leaves without chlorophyll is an adaptation designed to
help plants conserve nutrients in an environment where they are
scarce and competition for them is keen. Young, tender leaves
are more palatable and are highly prized by rain forest mammals
and insects. Reserving the nutrient-rich chemical chlorophyll
from them at a time when they are most vulnerable to parasitism
helps the plant protect itself against nutrient loss.
Distribution: Along the Pacific coast, Garcinia grows in all very humid, primary forest habitats except for those very near the sea. It ranges from Mexico to Peru.